Treatment of Allodynia, Hyperalgsia, Spontaneous Pain, and Phantom Pain

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to use of Cometin in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain. In a preferred embodiment the disorder to be treated is thermal allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The Cometin polypeptide may be delivered as a polypeptide or by administration of an expression vector for expression of Cometin, a cell line transformed or transduced with said vector and a capsule comprising said cells.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to use of Cometin in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain. In a preferred embodiment the disorder to be treated is thermal allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The allodynia and/or hyperalgesia are preferably treated in a subject diagnosed with painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia or sciatica.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Many therapies have been explored for the treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and phantom pain with varying degree of success, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, anticonvulsants, anti-arrhythmics, tricyclic antidepressants and topical agents. Alternative approaches include anaesthetic blocks, epidural administration of steroids and neurosurgical lesions. However, all of the present therapies have modest efficacy in most patients and are palliative rather than curative and their side effects represent significant limitations.

Hence, there is a high unmet need for therapies that treat allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and phantom pain effectively, preferably with only minor side effects not affecting the general health of the patients.

A polypeptide with the sequence of the neurotrophic growth factor Cometin has been described previously in WO 93/22437 (Innogenetics). It is suggested that the protein or its antagonist can be used as antitumor compounds, or anti-inflammatory compounds or as growth activators of T-cells and B-cells, as bone repair compounds as inducer of immunosuppressive cells, as inhibitors of anti-colony stimulating factor; or as trypanocidal agents.

WO 01/039786 (Innogenetics) discloses specific uses of polypeptides denominated as suppressive macrophage activation factors (SMAF's) wherein SMAF-1 is 100% identical to Cometin. Specifically, it is disclosed that SMAF-1 and/or SMAF-2 modulate the production of Th1, Th2 and/or Th3 cytokines and indicates how SMAF-1 molecules can be used to treat diseases mediated by type 1, type 2 and/or type 3 responses such as inflammation, infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejections, graft-versus-host disease, malignancies and diseases involving mucosal immunity.

WO 2010/009732 (NsGene) describes Cometin (under the name Meteorin-like or METRNL) as a neurotrophic growth factor with effects on neurrite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion explants, on neurblast migration in subventricular zone explants and with effects in an animal model of hearing loss.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides methods for treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and phantom pain. The methods use Cometin protein, nucleotide sequences encoding Cometin, expression vectors comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding Cometin, cell lines transformed/transfected with the expression vector encoding Cometin, or biocompatible capsule delivering secreted Cometin.

Thus, in a first aspect the present invention relates to an isolated polypeptide for use in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   i. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7;     -   ii. A biologically active sequence variant of the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO:7, wherein the variant has at least 70%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO 7; and     -   iii. A biologically active fragment of at least 50 contiguous         amino acids of a) or b) wherein the fragment is at least 70%         identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

The inventors have found that Cometin is capable of alleviating hypersensitivity in an animal model of both thermal and mechanical allodynia. Importantly the animals did not experience any weight loss or signs of toxicity over the duration of the experiment and no painful side effects were observed.

In a further aspect the invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule for use in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain, said nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   i. The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7;     -   ii. A biologically active sequence variant of the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO:7, wherein the variant has at least 70%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO 7; and     -   iii. A biologically active fragment of at least 50 contiguous         amino acids of a) or b) wherein the fragment is at least 70%         identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In a further aspect the invention relates to an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the invention for use in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain.

In a still further aspect the invention relates to an isolated host cell comprising an expression vector according to the invention for use in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain. In particular the invention relates to host cells useful for cell based therapy; either naked cell based therapy or encapsulated cell therapy for use in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain.

In a further aspect the invention relates to an implantable biocompatible capsule for use in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain by delivery of secreted biologically active Cometin to a subject, said capsule comprising:

-   -   i. A biocompatible outer membrane and an inner core,     -   ii. Said inner core comprising cells according to the invention.         In a further aspect the invention relates to a composition         comprising:     -   i. The isolated polypeptide according to the invention; or     -   ii. The isolated nucleic acid according to the invention; or     -   iii. The expression vector according to the invention; or     -   iv. The cell line according to the invention; or     -   v. An implantable biocompatible capsule according to the         invention;         for use in a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia,         spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain.

In a further aspect the invention relates to a method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain in a subject comprising administrating to said subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amounts of a Cometin polypeptide according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Figure Legends

FIG. 1: Alignment of human, mouse and rat Cometin protein (SEQ ID NO 2, 4, and 6). Predicted signal peptide in bold. Alignments were made using CLUSTAL W (1.7) (Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. and Gibson, T. J. (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22:4673-4680). BLOSUM 62 was used as scoring matrix.

Sequence Start End Match NonMatch % Match hCometin 1 311 mCometin 1 311 241 70 77 rCometin 1 311 243 68 78

FIG. 2: Alignment of human, mouse, and rat Cometin (SEQ ID NO 2, 4, and 6) and human, mouse and rat Meteorin (SEQ ID NO 23, 24, and 25). Signal peptide in bold. Conserved Cys residues boxed. Clustal W (1.7) was used for alignment.

Sequence Start End Match NonMatch % Match hCometin 1 311 mCometin 1 311 241 70 77 rCometin 1 311 243 68 78 hMETRN 1 293 138 185 42 mMETRN 1 291 139 187 43 rMETRN 1 291 140 186 43

FIG. 3: Alignment of human (NP_(—)001004431.1; SEQ ID NO 2), mouse (NP_(—)659046.1; SEQ ID NO 4), rat (NP_(—)001014126; SEQ ID NO 6), cow (XP_(—)614019.3; SEQ ID NO 19), chicken (CR352488; SEQ ID NO 20), xenopus tropicalis (BX757299.1; SEQ ID NO 21) and zebrafish (NP_(—)998150.1; SEQ ID NO 22) Cometin protein sequences. Conserved residues identical to the human sequence are shaded, predicted signal peptides are in bold, ten conserved cysteine residues are boxed and the conserved N-terminal Glutamine (Q) of the mature protein sequence marked by an arrow.

FIG. 4. Effect of Cometin on paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation following sciatic nerve injury. Arrows indicate time points for intreathecal injection. Data are shown as means±SEM. *p<0.05.

FIG. 5. Effect of Cometin on response to cold stimulation following sciatic nerve injury. Arrows indicate time points for intreathecal injection. Data are shown as means±SEM. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01.

FIG. 6. Body weight in the experimental groups. Arrows indicate time points for intreathecal injection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

As used herein “a biocompatible capsule” means that the capsule, upon implantation in a host mammal, does not elicit a detrimental host response sufficient to result in the rejection of the capsule or to render it inoperable, for example through degradation.

As used herein, a “coding sequence” is a polynucleotide sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide.

A “deletion”, as used herein, refers to a change in the amino acid or nucleotide sequence and results in the absence of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides.

As used herein, the term “expression vectors” refers to vectors that are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively-linked. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.

As used herein “an immunoisolatory capsule” means that the capsule upon implantation into a mammalian host minimizes the deleterious effects of the host's immune system on the cells within its core.

By a “mammalian promoter” is intended a promoter capable of functioning in a mammalian cell.

Cometin, as used herein, refers to polypeptides having the amino acid sequences of substantially purified Cometin obtained from any species, particularly mammalian, including chimpanzee, bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, and preferably human, from any source whether natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic, or recombinant. The term also refers to biologically active fragments of Cometin obtained from any of these species, as well as to biologically active sequence variants of these and to proteins subject to posttranslational modifications.

Biologically active fragments of Cometin may differ at one or more positions from the wildtype Cometin sequences, preferably at up to 20 of the positions, more preferably up to 10 positions, more preferably at up to 5 positions, such as at one, two, three or four positions.

Growth factor characteristics as used herein define sequence-related features similar to those of classical growth factors, which are secreted proteins acting on a target cell through a receptor to cause one or more of the following responses in the target cell: growth including proliferation, differentiation, survival, regeneration, migration, regain of function, improvement of function.

“Sequence identity”: A high level of sequence identity indicates likelihood that the first sequence is derived from the second sequence. Amino acid sequence identity requires identical amino acid sequences between two aligned sequences. Thus, a candidate sequence sharing 70% amino acid identity with a reference sequence, requires that, following alignment, 70% of the amino acids in the candidate sequence are identical to the corresponding amino acids in the reference sequence. Identity may be determined by aid of computer analysis, such as, without limitations, the ClustalW computer alignment program (Higgins D., Thompson J., Gibson T., Thompson J. D., Higgins D. G., Gibson T. J., 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:4673-4680), and the default parameters suggested therein. The ClustalW software is available as a ClustalW WWW Service at the European Bioinformatics Institute from http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw. Using this program with its default settings, the mature (bioactive) part of a query and a reference polypeptide are aligned. The number of fully conserved residues are counted and divided by the length of the reference polypeptide. In doing so, any tags or fusion protein sequences, which form part of the query sequence are disregarded in the alignment and subsequent determination of sequence identity.

The ClustalW algorithm may similarly be used to align nucleotide sequences. Sequence identities may be calculated in a similar way as indicated for amino acid sequences.

Another preferred, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller, CABIOS (1989). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the FASTA sequence alignment software package (Pearson W R, Methods Mol Biol, 2000, 132:185-219). Align calculates sequence identities based on a global alignment. Align0 does not penalise to gaps in the end of the sequences. When utilizing the ALIGN og Align0 program for comparing amino acid sequences, a BLOSUM50 substitution matrix with gap opening/extension penalties of −12/−2 is preferably used.

The term “subject” used herein is taken to mean any mammal to which Cometin polypeptide or polynucleotide, therapeutic cells or biocompatible capsules may be administered. Subjects specifically intended for treatment with the method of the invention include humans, as well as nonhuman primates, sheep, horses, cattle, goats, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, rats and mice, as well as the organs, tumors, and cells derived or originating from these hosts.

The term “substantially purified”, as used herein, refers to nucleic or amino acid sequences that are removed from their natural environment, isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably 75% free, and most preferably 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated.

An “insertion” or “addition”, as used herein, refers to a change in an amino acid or nucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides, respectively, as compared to the naturally occurring molecule.

A “substitution”, as used herein, refers to the replacement of one or more amino acids or nucleotides by different amino acids or nucleotides, respectively.

“Treatment” can be performed in several different ways, including curative, ameliorating and as prophylaxis. Curative treatment generally aims at curing a clinical condition, such as a disease or an infection, which is already present in the treated individual. Ameliorating treatment generally means treating in order to improve, in an individual, an existing clinical condition. Prophylactic treatment generally aims at preventing a clinical condition or reducing the risk of contracting the condition or reducing the extent of the condition. The present invention relates to all these types of treatment.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

Allodynia

Allodynia, meaning “other power”, is a pain due to a stimulus which does not normally provoke pain and can be either thermal or mechanical/tactile. It is pain from a stimulus that does not normally lead to the sensation of pain, and may occur after injury to a site. Allodynia is different from hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain, which is described in the section “hyperalgesia” and “spontaneous pain” respectively. Allodynia is a type of hypersensitivity.

There are different kinds or types of allodynia:

-   -   Mechanical allodynia (also known as tactile allodynia)         -   Static mechanical allodynia—pain in response to light             touch/pressure         -   Dynamic mechanical allodynia—pain in response to brushing     -   Thermal (heat or cold) allodynia—pain from normally mild skin         temperatures in the affected area

Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful conditions, such as neuropathies, complex regional pain syndrome, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and migraine. Allodynia may also be caused by some populations of stem cells used to treat nerve damage including spinal cord injury. In one embodiment of the present invention the allodynia to be treated is mechanical/tactile allodynia. In another embodiment of the present invention the allodynia to be treated is thermal allodynia. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the allodynia to be treated is cold allodynia.

The cell types involved in nociception and mechanical sensation are the cells responsible for allodynia. In healthy individuals, nociceptors sense information about cell stress or damage and temperature at the skin and transmit it to the spinal cord. The cell bodies of these neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia, important structures located on both sides of the spinal cord. The axons then pass through the dorsal horn to make connections with secondary neurons. The secondary neurons cross over to the other (contralateral) side of the spinal cord and reach nuclei of the thalamus. From there, the information is carried through one or more neurons to the somatosensory cortex of the brain. Mechanoreceptors follow the same general pathway. However, they do not cross over at the level of the spinal cord, but at the lower medulla instead. In addition, they are grouped in tracts that are spatially distinct from the nociceptive tracts.

Despite this anatomical separation, mechanoreceptors can influence the output of nociceptors by making connections with the same interneurons, the activation of which can reduce or completely eliminate the sensation of pain. Another way to modulate the transmission of pain information is via descending fibers from the brain. These fibers act through different interneurons to block the transmission of information from the nociceptors to secondary neurons.

Both of these mechanisms for pain modulation have been implicated in the pathology of allodynia. Several studies suggest that injury to the spinal cord might lead to loss and re-organization of the nociceptors, mechanoreceptors and interneurons, leading to the transmission of pain information by mechanoreceptors. A different study reports the appearance of descending fibers at the injury site. All of these changes ultimately affect the circuitry inside the spinal cord, and the altered balance of signals probably leads to the intense sensation of pain associated with allodynia.

Different cell types have also been linked to allodynia. For example, there are reports that microglia in the thalamus might contribute to allodynia by changing the properties of the secondary nociceptors. The same effect is achieved in the spinal cord by the recruitment of immune system cells such as monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes.

As already mentioned, there are descending neurons that modulate the perception of pain. Many of these neurons originate in nuclei in the brainstem and pass through the periaqueductal gray (PAG) area of the midbrain.

The body possesses an additional mechanism to control pain: the release of endogenous opioids, especially at the level of the PAG. There are neurons that release enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins at the PAG, and in this way modulate its ability to modulate pain perception. Other neurons can release their endogenous opioids at the source of the pain, as well. If this occurs, the transmission of pain information from the nociceptors to the secondary neurons is blocked, and no pain is felt. Unfortunately, these endogenous mechanisms are often damaged and nonfunctional in people suffering from allodynia, so the application of pharmaceuticals is needed.

Numerous compounds alleviate the pain from allodynia. Some are specific for certain types of allodynia while others are general. They include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and compounds targeting different ion channels.

The present invention relates to the use of Cometin for treatment of allodynia. Preferably the allodynia to be treated is thermal allodynia, even more preferably the thermal allodynia to be treated is cold allodynia.

Hyperalgesia

Hyperalgesia is an extreme response to a stimulus which is normally perceived as painful. The stimulus can be mechanical/tactile or thermal.

Hyperalgesia is similar to other sorts of pain associated with nerve damage such as allodynia, and consequently may respond to standard treatment for this condition as described in the section “allodynia”. Hyperalgesia may also be characterised as a type of hypersensitivity.

In one embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for treatment of hyperalgesia. In one embodiment the hyperalgesia to be treated is mechanical/tactile hyperalgesia. In another embodiment the hyperalgesia to be treated is thermal hyperalgesia, preferably cold hyperalgesia. Together, allodynia and hyperalgesia may be characterised as hypersensitivity.

Spontaneous Pain

Spontaneous pain is characterized by being pain occurring without any trigger. The clinical symptoms of spontaneous pain include sensations of pins and needles, shooting, burning, stabbing and paroxysmal (electric shock-like) pain sometimes associated with dysesthesia and/or paresthesia. Dysesthesia is defined as an unpleasant, abnormal sense of touch, and it may be considered as a kind of pain occurring spontaneously. Paresthesia is defined as a sensation of tingling, pricking or numbness of a subjects skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. Spontaneous pain seems likely to be caused by spontaneous activity of neurons in the afferent pathway.

In one embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for treatment of spontaneous pain.

Phantom Pain

Phantom pain sensations are described as perceptions that a subject experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body. Phantom pain sensations are recorded most frequently following the amputation of an arm or a leg, but may also occur following the removal of a breast or an internal organ. The phantom pain sensation varies from individual to individual. Phantom pain can be experienced as sensations related to movement, touch, temperature, pressure and itchiness.

In one embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for treatment of phantom pain.

Causes of Allodynia, and Hyperalgesia

Allodynia, hyperalgesia and in general hypersensitivity can arise from a variety of disorders, some of which are listed below.

Class Sub-type of cause Traumatic mechanical injury Entrapment neuropathy Nerve transection Spinal cord injury Post-surgical pain Phantom limb pain Scar formation Sciatica Metabolic or nutritional Alcoholic neuropathy Pellagra Beriberi Burning foot syndrome Viral Post-herpetic neuralgia HIV/AIDS pain Neurotoxicity Vincristine Cisplatine Taxol Thallium Arsenic Radiation therapy Disease (non-viral) Diabetes Malignancies Multiple sclerosis Trigeminal neuralgia Guillain-Barre syndrome Fabry's disease Tangier disease Vasculitic/angiopathic Amyloid Idiopathic Ischaemia Sciatica Thalamic syndrome Post-stroke pain Neurotransmitter function Comples regional pain syndrome Thus in one embodiment the invention relates to treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, or hypersensitivity in a subject diagnosed with one of the disorders listed in the table above. Preferably, the invention relates to treatment of hypersensitivity in a subject diagnosed with painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and/or sciatica. More specifically, the invention relates to treatment of allodynia and hyperalgesia in a subject diagnosed with painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and/or sciatica. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention relates to treatment of allodynia in a subject diagnosed with painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and/or sciatica.

Method of Treatment

In one embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for the treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain. In a more preferred embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for the treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia and/or spontaneous pain. In an even one embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for treatment of hyperalgesia and/or allodynia.

In a preferred embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for treatment of allodynia. In a more preferred embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for the treatment of mechanical allodynia. In another preferred embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for treatment of thermal allodynia. In an even more preferred embodiment of the present invention the thermal allodynia is cold allodynia.

In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for the treatment of spontaneous pain.

In another preferred embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for the treatment of hyperalgesia. In a more preferred embodiment the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for the treatment of mechanical hyperalgesia. In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of Cometin for the treatment of thermal hyperalgesia. In an even more preferred embodiment of the present invention the hyperalgesia is cold hyperalgesia.

Thus, in general Cometin may be used to treat hypersensitivity.

Polypeptide Administration and Formulations

Cometin polypeptides may be administered in any manner, which is medically acceptable. This may include injections, by parenteral routes such as intravenous, intravascular, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intratumor, intraperitoneal, intraventricular, intraepidural, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular, intercerebral, or others as well as nasal, or topical. Slow release administration is also specifically included in the invention, by such means as depot injections or erodible implants.

Administration of Cometin according to this invention may be achieved using any suitable delivery means, including:

injection, either subcutaneously, intravenously, intra-arterially, intramuscularly, intrathecally or to other suitable site;

continuous infusion (intrethecal catheter);

microencapsulation, or slow release polymer implants;

encapsulated cells and unencapsulated cell grafts (e.g. ex vivo gene therapy); and

inhalation.

Administration may be by periodic injections of a bolus of the preparation, or may be made more continuous by intravenous or intraperitoneal administration from a reservoir which is external (e.g., an IV bag) or internal (e.g., a bioerodable implant, a bioartificial organ, a biocompatible capsule of Cometin production cells, or a colony of implanted Cometin production cells). See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,407,957, 5,798,113, and 5,800,828, each incorporated herein by reference.

Localised delivery may be by such means as delivery via a catheter to one or more arteries or intrathecally. In one embodiment of the present invention localised delivery comprises delivery using encapsulated cells. A further type of localised delivery comprises local delivery of gene therapy vectors, which are normally injected.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the administration is parenteral injection, preferably subcutaneous injection or intrathecal injection.

Whilst it is possible for the compounds of the present invention to be administered as the raw chemical, it is preferred to present them in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation. The pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared by conventional techniques, e.g. as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 2005, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means one or more organic or inorganic ingredients, natural or synthetic, with which Cometin polypeptide is combined to facilitate its application. A suitable carrier includes sterile saline although other aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile solutions and sterile suspensions known to be pharmaceutically acceptable are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers, optionally with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, for example solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol. Examples of oily or non-aqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil), and injectable organic esters (e.g., ethyl oleate), and may contain agents such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying or suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilisation from solution for constitution before use with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water.

An “effective amount” refers to that amount which is capable of ameliorating or delaying progression of the diseased, degenerative or damaged condition. An effective amount can be determined on an individual basis and will be based, in part, on consideration of the symptoms to be treated and results sought. An effective amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art employing such factors and using no more than routine experimentation.

Liposomes may be used for targeted delivery of a cometin polypeptide. A liposome system may be any variety of unilamellar vesicles, multilamellar vesicles, or stable plurilamellar vesicles, and may be prepared and administered according to methods well known to those of skill in the art. The liposome-encapsulated protein may be tested in vitro for any effect on target cells, e.g. DRGs.

Where slow-release administration of a Cometin polypeptide is desired in a formulation with release characteristics suitable for the treatment of any disease or disorder requiring administration of a Cometin polypeptide, microencapsulation of a Cometin polypeptide is contemplated.

In one embodiment of the present invention a composition comprising Cometin is contemplated. The composition may comprise an isolated polypeptide as described herein, an isolated nucleic acid as described herein, a Cometin encoding expression vector as described herein, a cell line expressing Cometin as described herein or a biocompatible capsule secreting Cometin as described herein.

Dosages

Various dosing regimes for systemic administration are contemplated. In one embodiment, methods of administering to a subject a formulation comprising a Cometin polypeptide include administering Cometin at a dosage of between 1 μg/kg to 10,000 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In another embodiment, the dosage is between 1 μg/kg to 7,500 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In a further embodiment, the dosage is between 1 μg/kg to 5,000 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In a different embodiment, the dosage is between 1 μg/kg to 2,000 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In yet another embodiment, the dosage is between 1 μg/kg to 1,000 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In yet another embodiment, the dosage is between 1 μg/kg to 700 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In a more preferable embodiment, the dosage is between 5 μg/kg to 500 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In a most preferable embodiment, the dosage is between 10 μg/kg to 100 μg/kg body weight of the subject, per dose. In a preferred embodiment the subject to be treated is human.

Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature; see, for example, WO 02/78730 and WO 07/100898. Guidance to the calculation of the human equivalent dosages based on dosages used in animal experiments is provided in Reagan-Shaw et al., FASEB J, 22, 659-661 (2007).

The dose administered must be carefully adjusted to the age, weight and condition of the individual being treated, as well as the route of administration, dosage form and regimen, and the result desired, and the exact dosage should be determined by the practitioner.

In one embodiment of the present invention the administration is repeated daily. In another embodiment the administration is repeated at least 1-3 times weekly, such as 2-5 times weekly, such as 3-6 times weekly.

Cometin

The present invention relates to the medical use of polypeptides and polynucleotides being identified as Cometin protein and polynucleotides encoding said protein, in the treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain and/or phantom pain. The delivery is in one embodiment contemplated to be by use of a capsule for delivery of a secreted biologically active Cometin and/or a homologue thereof to a subject. The Cometin protein has been identified in human beings (SEQ ID No. 2), mouse (SEQ ID No. 4), and rat (SEQ ID No. 6) and a variety of other species.

The Cometin protein has been identified in human beings (SEQ ID No. 2), mouse (SEQ ID No. 4), and rat (SEQ ID No. 6), as well as cow (SEQ ID NO 19), chicken (SEQ ID NO 20), Xenopus tropicalis (SEQ ID NO 21), and Zebrafish (SEQ ID NO 22) (FIG. 3).

Human Cometin exists as a 311 amino acid precursor, which can be processed to give rise to at least one biologically active peptide. Cometin appears not to be expressed at high levels in any adult tissues but is expressed in certain tissues at high levels during foetal development (Jorgensen et al, 2012, Exp Neurol 233:172-81). The mouse (SEQ ID No 4) and rat (SEQ ID No 6) Cometin polypeptides likewise consist of 311 amino acids, respectively and the % identities with the human protein are 77 and 78, respectively—calculated for the full length sequences.

Mouse Cometin contains an N-terminal signal peptide sequence of 45 amino acids, which is cleaved at the sequence motif ASA-QY. This signal peptide cleavage site is predicted by the SignalP method and has been verified experimentally by Mass Spectometry. An identical cleavage site is predicted in the human and rat proteins. Cleavage of the signal peptide results in polypeptides having SEQ ID No. 7, 8, and 9 for human, mouse, and rat respectively. As it is known in the art, signal peptide processing is not always exactly as predicted and actual cleavage may vary from case to case. Thus, it is expected that the N-terminal of mature Cometin may vary by one to two or three amino acids from the predicted cleavage site.

As it is known in the art, an N-terminal glutamine may be cyclized to pyroglutamic acid. Thus, in one embodiment Cometin contains a cyclized N-terminal glutamine.

Cometin is structurally related to METRN (NsG33, Meteorin) protein described in WO 2005/095450 (NsGene). The full length human, mouse and rat proteins are shown in FIG. 2. METRN shares 42/43% identity (Clustal W (1.7) with standard settings) to the human Cometin protein.

A full length alignment of human Cometin to METRN protein is shown in FIG. 2. Ten conserved cysteines are boxed. The two proteins together form a protein family based on the conserved cysteine residues and the stretches of high conservation which are evident from FIG. 2. None of the two proteins show any significant sequence homology to any other known human proteins. Although the two proteins are members of the same small protein family, the two proteins are structurally distinct.

Due to the high conservation of the cysteines, it is expected that these residues play an important role in the secondary and tertiary structure of the bioactive protein. One or more of the cysteines may participate in the formation of intra- and/or intermolecular cystine-bridges.

Cometin belongs to the category of proteins acting as growth factors. This notion is supported by the fact that the protein is secreted, by its strutural features (relatively small protein with a conserved cysteine pattern), and by the fact that it exerts growth factor effects on target cells. Furthermore Cometin is structurally related to the growth factor METRN.

The therapeutic effect of Cometin may be mediated through an effect on growth including proliferation, regeneration, regain of function, improvement of function, survival, migration, and/or differentiation of targeted cells.

It has been demonstrated that Cometin administered by repeated intrathecal injections significantly reduced mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in rats after sciatic nerve injury (see Example 2). Cometin also has a stimulating effect on neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion cells and stimulated migration in subventricular zone explants (see WO 2010/009732).

Cometin Polypeptides

In addition to full-length Cometin, substantially full-length Cometin, and to truncated Cometin, the present invention provides for biologically active fragments and sequence variants of these polypeptides. A Cometin polypeptide, a sequence variant, or fragment is biologically active if it exhibits a biological activity of naturally occurring Cometin. Biologically active fragments of Cometin may differ at one or more positions from the wildtype Cometin sequences at up to 20 of the positions, more preferably up to 10 positions, more preferably at up to 5 positions, such as at one, two, three or four positions. It is to be understood that the invention relates to substantially purified Cometin as herein defined.

One biological activity is the ability to compete with naturally occurring Cometin in a receptor-binding assay.

Another biological activity is the ability to bind to an antibody, which is directed at an epitope, which is present on naturally occurring Cometin.

Biologically active variants may also be defined with reference to one or more of the biological assays described in the examples.

A preferred biological activity is the ability to elicit substantially the same response as in the DRG assay described in the Example 2 and FIG. 6 of WO 2010/009732. In this assay, cultures of dissociated rat P5 DRGs are exposed to murine Cometin protein (SEQ ID NO 8 of WO 2010/009732) with a C-terminal his-tag (SEQ ID NO 26 of WO 2010/009732). By substantially the same response in the DRG assay is intended that the neurite length per cell is at least 10% of the number obtained for C-terminally his-tagged mouse Cometin in Example 2 of WO 2010/009732, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%.

The results in FIG. 6 of WO 2010/009732 may also be calculated as the percentage or number of neurite bearing cells. In that case, substantially the same response in the DRG assay is intended that the number of neurite bearing cells is at least 10% of the number obtained in Example 2 of WO 2010/009732, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%. The biological activity of a fragment or variant of Cometin may also be higher than that of the naturally occurring Cometin.

Specific preferred truncated forms of Cometin in one aspect, are selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   i) A polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in         SEQ ID No 10, and polypeptides having from one to five extra         amino acids;     -   ii) A polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in         SEQ ID No 11, and polypeptides having from one to five extra         amino acids;     -   iii) A polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in         SEQ ID No 12, and polypeptides having from one to five extra         amino acids; and     -   iv) variants of said polypeptides, wherein any amino acid         specified in the chosen sequence is changed to a different amino         acid, provided that no more than 20 of the amino acid residues         in the sequence are so changed.

These truncated forms of Cometin comprise a core sequence from the first to the last conserved cysteine. In a preferred embodiment, less than 15 amino acids have been changed, more preferably less than 10 amino acids, more preferably less than 5 amino acids, such as 1 or 2 amino acids, more preferably no amino acids have been changed.

Variants can differ from naturally occurring Cometin in amino acid sequence or in ways that do not involve sequence, or in both ways. Variants in amino acid sequence (“sequence variants”) are produced when one or more amino acids in naturally occurring Cometin is substituted with a different natural amino acid, an amino acid derivative or non-native amino acid. Particularly preferred variants include naturally occurring Cometin, or biologically active fragments of naturally occurring Cometin, whose sequences differ from the wild type sequence by one or more conservative and/or semi-conservative amino acid substitutions, which typically have minimal influence on the secondary and tertiary structure and hydrophobic nature of the protein or peptide. Variants may also have sequences, which differ by one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions or insertions, which do not abolish the Cometin biological activity. The Clustal W alignment in FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2 can be used to predict which amino acid residues can be substituted without substantially affecting the biological activity of the protein.

Substutions within the following groups (Clustal W, ‘strong’ conservation group) are to be regarded as conservative substitutions within the meaning of the present invention

-   -   STA, NEQK, NHQK, NDEQ, QHRK, MILV, MILF, HY, FYW.         Substutions within the following groups (Clustal W, ‘weak’         conservation group) are to be regarded as semi-conservative         substitutions within the meaning of the present invention     -   CSA, ATV, SAG, STNK, STPA, SGND, SNDEQK, NDEQHK, NEQHRK, VLIM,         HFY.

Other variants within the invention are those with modifications which increase peptide stability. Such variants may contain, for example, one or more nonpeptide bonds (which replace the peptide bonds) in the peptide sequence. Also included are: variants that include residues other than naturally occurring L-amino acids, such as D-amino acids or non-naturally occurring or synthetic amino acids such as beta or gamma amino acids and cyclic variants. Incorporation of D-instead of L-amino acids into the polypeptide may increase its resistance to proteases. See, e. g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,990. Splice variants are specifically included in the invention.

One particularly preferred mutation is the substitution of the N-terminal Gln residue found in all mature Cometin sequences (see e.g. FIG. 3) for another amino acid selected from the group consisting of naturally occurring amino acids except Gln and Cys. Preferably the residue is mutated into a non-hydrophobic residue. More preferably the residue is mutated into Asn, or Ala. These N-terminally mutated Cometin polypeptide avoid cyclisation of the N-terminal Gln residue into pyroglutamic acid. This cyclisation has the result that the polypeptide cannot be subjected to routine N-terminal sequencing.

When the result of a given substitution cannot be predicted with certainty, the derivatives may be readily assayed according to the methods disclosed herein to determine the presence or absence of biological activity. Preferably in the DRG assay described in WO 2010/009732.

In one embodiment, the polypeptide is a naturally occurring allelic variant of the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 2, 4, and 6. This polypeptide may comprise an amino acid sequence that is the translation of a nucleic acid sequence differing by a single nucleotide from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1, 3, and 5.

A variant polypeptide as described herein, in one embodiment comprises a polypeptide wherein any amino acid specified in the chosen sequence is changed to provide a conservative substitution.

The signal peptide may be replaced by a heterologous signal peptide for expression.

Variants within the scope of the invention in one embodiment include proteins and peptides with amino acid sequences having at least 60 percent identity with human, murine or rat Cometin (SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, and 6). More preferably the sequence identity is at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%.

Preferred variants within the scope of the invention in one embodiment include proteins and peptides with amino acid sequences having at least 60 percent identity with a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, 8, and 9. More preferably the sequence identity is at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98% . SEQ ID No 7, 8, and 9 correspond to the mature proteins after cleavage of the signal peptide. Preferably the N-terminal glutamine residue has been converted into a pyrrolidone carboxylic acid.

Variants within the scope of the invention in one embodiment include proteins and peptides with amino acid sequences having at least 60 percent identity with a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, 11, and 12. More preferably the sequence identity is at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%.

In a preferred embodiment the sequence identity of the variant Cometin is determined with reference to a human Cometin polypeptide (SEQ ID No 2, 7, or 10).

In one embodiment the percent sequence identity is calculated using global alignment (Align), so that the variant and SEQ ID sequences are aligned, the total number of identical amino acid residues calculated and divided by the length of the SEQ ID NO under default settings of the used program.

In one embodiment, a variant Cometin comprises a naturally occurring allelic variant of the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No 2, 4, and 6. Said allelic variant sequence may be an amino acid sequence that is the translation of a nucleic acid sequence differing by a single nucleotide from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No 1, 3, and 5.

In one embodiment, the variants include proteins comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO 7, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%.

In one embodiment, a variant Cometin at corresponding positions comprises the residues marked in FIG. 1 or 2 as fully conserved (*), more preferably a variant Cometin also comprises at corresponding positions the residues that are strongly conserved (strongly conserved groups include: STA, NEQK, NHQK, NEDQ, QHRK, MILV, MILF, HY FYW), more preferably a variant Cometin also comprises at corresponding positions the residues being less conserved (less conserved groups include: CSA, ATV, SAG, STNK, STPA, SGND, SNDEQK, NDEQHK, NEQHK, NEQHRK, VLIM, HFY). In particular, it is contemplated that the conserved cysteines (FIG. 2) must be located at corresponding positions maintaing the spacing found in wildtype Cometin in a variant Cometin.

The fully conserved residues marked in FIG. 1 together constitute a consensus sequence. The consensus sequence may be regarded as a domain of Cometin which is important for bioactivity. As the signal peptide is cleaved from the polypeptide before it is used, amino acids of the signal peptide do not form part of the consensus sequence. Amino acids of the consensus sequence are less likely to tolerate substitutions and/or deletions than the remaining amino acids. In a preferred embodiment, only conservative substitutions are made to amino acids of the consensus sequence. In a more preferred embodiment, a variant neurotrophic Cometin polypeptide comprises the amino acids of the consensus sequence identified in FIG. 1.

Non-sequence modifications may include, for example, in vivo or in vitro chemical derivatisation of portions of naturally occurring Cometin, as well as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, carboxylation, sulfation, amino acid conjugation, GSH conjugation, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, PEG-ylation, or glycosylation. Just as it is possible to replace substituents of the protein, it is also possible to substitute functional groups, which are bound to the protein with groups characterized by similar features. Such modifications do not alter primary sequence. These will initially be conservative, i.e., the replacement group will have approximately the same size, shape, hydrophobicity and charge as the original group.

Many amino acids, including the terminal amino acids, may be modified in a given polypeptide, either by natural processes such as glycosylation and other posttranslational modifications, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art. Among the known modifications which may be present in polypeptides of the present invention are, to name an illustrative few, acetylation, acylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a polynucleotide or polynucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination.

Such modifications are well known to those of skill and have been described in great detail in the scientific literature. Several particularly common modifications, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation, for instance, are described in most basic texts, such as, for instance, I. E. Creighton, Proteins-Structure and Molecular Properties, 2nd Ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1993. Many detailed reviews are available on this subject, such as, for example, those provided by Wold, F., in Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins, B. C. Johnson, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pp 1-12, 1983; Seifter et al., Meth. Enzymol. 182: 626-646, 1990 and Rattan et al., Protein Synthesis: Posttranslational Modifications and Aging, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 663: 48-62, 1992.

In addition, the protein may comprise a protein tag to allow subsequent purification and optionally removal of the tag using an endopeptidase. The tag may also comprise a protease cleavage site to facilitate subsequent removal of the tag. Non-limiting examples of affinity tags include a polyhis tag, a GST tag, a HA tag, a Flag tag, a C-myc tag, a HSV tag, a V5 tag, a maltose binding protein tag, a cellulose binding domain tag. Preferably for production and purification, the tag is a polyhistag. Preferably, the tag is in the C-terminal portion of the protein, such as at the very C-terminal.

The native signal sequence of Cometin may also be replaced in order to increase secretion of the protein in recombinant production in other mammalian cell types.

Modifications can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini. In fact, blockage of the amino or carboxyl group in a polypeptide, or both, by a covalent modification, is common in naturally occurring and synthetic polypeptides and such modifications may be present in polypeptides of the present invention, as well. For instance, the amino terminal residue of polypeptides made in E. coli, prior to proteolytic processing, almost invariably will be N-formylmethionine.

The modifications that occur in a polypeptide often will be a function of how it is made. For polypeptides made by expressing a cloned gene in a host, for instance, the nature and extent of the modifications in large part will be determined by the host cell's posttranslational modification capacity and the modification signals present in the polypeptide amino acid sequence. For instance, glycosylation often does not occur in bacterial hosts such as E. coli. Accordingly, when glycosylation is desired, a polypeptide should be expressed in a glycosylating host, generally a eukaryotic cell. Insect cells often carry out the same posttranslational glycosylations as mammalian cells and, for this reason, insect cell expression systems have been developed to efficiently express mammalian proteins having native patterns of glycosylation, inter alia. Similar considerations apply to other modifications.

It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present to the same or varying degree at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also, a given polypeptide may contain many types of modifications.

In general, as used herein, the term polypeptide encompasses all such modifications, particularly those that are present in polypeptides synthesized by expressing a polynucleotide in a host cell.

Cometin Nucleotide Sequences

The invention provides medical use of cDNA coding for Cometin, including for example the nucleotide sequence of human, mouse and rat Cometin cDNA (SEQ ID NO 1, 3, and 5), the sequences coding for Cometin (SEQ ID NO 13, 14, and 15), and the sequences coding for Cometin without signal peptide (SEQ ID NO 16 or nucleotides 136-936 of SEQ ID No 1, SEQ ID NO 17 or nucleotides 136-936 of SEQ ID No. 3, and SEQ ID NO 18 or nucleotides 136-936 of SEQ ID No. 5).

Variants of these sequences are also included within the scope of the present invention.

The invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule for medical use comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide or its complementary sequence, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence selected of SEQ ID No. 7;     -   b) a sequence variant of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 7         wherein the variant has at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID         No 7; and     -   c) a biologically active fragment of at least 50 contiguous         amino acids of any of a) through b), wherein the fragment has at         least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID No 7.

The nucleic acid molecule may comprise the nucleotide sequence of a naturally occurring allelic nucleic acid variant.

The nucleic acid molecule of the invention may encode a variant polypeptide, wherein the variant polypeptide has the polypeptide sequence of a naturally occurring polypeptide variant.

In one embodiment the nucleic acid molecule differs by a single nucleotide from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 1, 3, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.

Preferably the encoded polypeptide has at least 60% sequence identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No. 2, 7, and 10 preferably at least 65% sequence identity, more preferably at least 70% sequence identity, more preferably, 75% sequence identity, more preferably at least 80% sequence identity, more preferably at least 85% sequence identity, more preferably at least 90% sequence identity, more preferably at least 95% sequence identity, more preferably at least 98% sequence identity, more preferably wherein the polypeptide has a sequence selected from the group consisting of said SEQ ID Nos. Said sequences constitute human Cometin.

In a preferred embodiment the encoded polypeptide has at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID No. 7, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably wherein said polypeptide has the sequence of SEQ ID No. 7.

In one aspect the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of

-   -   a) the nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of         SEQ ID No. 1, 13, and 16;     -   b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 70% sequence identity         to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of         SEQ ID No. 1, 13, and 16;     -   c) a nucleic acid sequence of at least 150 contiguous         nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of         SEQ ID No. 1, 13, and 16.

SEQ ID No 7, 8 and 9 represent the sequences of mature Cometin polypeptides from human, mouse and rat. For recombinant expression in a eukaryotic expression system, these are preferably ligated to appropriate signal sequence coding sequences to ensure that the Cometin polypeptide is secreted from the cells. The same applies for recombinant expression of polypeptides defined by SEQ ID NO 10, 11, and 12.

In one preferred embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide of the invention has at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, more preferred at least 90%, more preferred at least 95%, more preferred at least 98% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence presented as SEQ ID NO: 16.

A preferred group of isolated polynucleotides include SEQ ID No 1, 13, and 16, which are human Cometin polynucleotides. Another preferred group of isolated polynucleotides include SEQ ID No. 1, 3, and 5, which represent the cDNA sequences.

In addition, the nucleotide sequences of the invention include sequences, which are derivatives of these sequences. The invention also includes vectors, liposomes and other carrier vehicles, which encompass one of these sequences or a derivative of one of these sequences. The invention also includes proteins transcribed and translated from Cometin cDNA, preferably human Cometin cDNA, including but not limited to human Cometin and fragments and variants.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to an RNA counterpart of the DNA nucleic acid of Cometin. In particular, it relates to RNA counterparts of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID No. 14, SEQ ID No. 15, SEQ ID No 16, SEQ ID No 17, or SEQ ID No 18. Similarly the use of LNA or PNA counterparts of said SEQ ID No is contemplated.

Codon optimised nulcleic acid molecules for enhanced expression in selected host cells, including but not limited to E. coli, yeast species, Chinese Hamster, Baby Hamster, insect, and fungus are also contemplated.

Variant nucleic acids can be made by state of the art mutagenesis methods. Methods for shuffling coding sequences from human with those of mouse, rat or chimpanzee are also contemplated. Specifically a shuffled variant may be between SEQ ID No 1 on one hand and 3 and/or 5 on the other hand. Also included are shuffled variants between SEQ ID No 3 and 5.

Pharmaceutical Preparations for Gene Therapy

To form a Cometin composition for gene therapy use in the invention,

Cometin encoding expression viral vectors may be placed into a pharmaceutically acceptable suspension, solution or emulsion. Suitable mediums include saline and liposomal preparations.

More specifically, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may include sterile aqueous of non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of nonaqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils.

Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like.

Viral Vectors

Ex vivo gene therapy approaches involve modification of isolated cells (including but not limited to stem cells, neural and glial precursor cells, and foetal stem cells), which are then infused, grafted or otherwise transplanted into the patient. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,868,116, 5,399,346 and 5,460,959. In vivo gene therapy seeks to directly target host patient tissue.

Viruses useful as gene transfer vectors include papovavirus, adenovirus, vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus, and retroviruses. Suitable retroviruses include the group consisting of HIV, SIV, FIV, EIAV, MoMLV. A further group of suitable retroviruses includes the group consisting of HIV, SIV, FIV, EAIV, CIV. Another group of preferred virus vectors includes the group consisting of alphavirus, adenovirus, adeno associated virus, baculovirus, HSV, coronavirus, Bovine papilloma virus, Mo-MLV, preferably adeno associated virus.

Preferred viruses for treatment of disorders of the nervous system are lentiviruses and adeno-associated viruses. Both types of viruses can integrate into the genome without cell divisions, and both types have been tested in pre-clinical animal studies for indiations of the nervous system, in particular the central nervous system.

Methods for preparation of AAV are described in the art, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,158. U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,634 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,683,058 describe examples of delivery of AAV to the central nervous system.

Biocompatible Capsules

Encapsulated cell therapy is based on the concept of isolating cells from the recipient host's immune system by surrounding the cells with a semipermeable biocompatible material before implantation within the host. The invention includes use of a device in which cells capable of expressing and secreting Cometin are encapsulated in an immunoisolatory capsule as described in WO 2010/009732. An “immunoisolatory capsule” means that the capsule, upon implantation into a recipient host, minimizes the deleterious effects of the host's immune system on the cells in the core of the device. Cells are immunoisolated from the host by enclosing them within implantable polymeric capsules formed by a microporous membrane. This approach prevents the cell-to cell contact between host and implanted tissues, eliminating antigen recognition through direct presentation. The membranes used can also be tailored to control the diffusion of molecules, such as antibody and complement, based on their molecular weight. Useful biocompatible polymer capsules usually contain a core that contains cells, either suspended in a liquid medium or immobilized within an immobilizing matrix, and a surrounding or peripheral region of permselective matrix or membrane (“jacket”) that does not contain isolated cells, that is biocompatible, and that is sufficient to protect cells in the core from detrimental immunological attack. Encapsulation hinders elements of the immune system from entering the capsule, thereby protecting the encapsulated cells from immune destruction. The semipermeable nature of the capsule membrane also permits the biologically active molecule of interest to easily diffuse from the capsule into the surrounding host tissue.

Preferably the capsule of this invention will be similar to those described in WO 92/19195 or WO 95/05452; or U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,639,275; 5,653,975; 4,892,538; 5,156,844; 5,283,187; or U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,050. Such capsules allow for the passage of metabolites, nutrients and therapeutic substances while minimizing the detrimental effects of the host immune system. Components of the biocompatible material may include a surrounding semipermeable membrane and the internal cell-supporting scaffolding. Preferably, the genetically altered cells are seeded onto the scaffolding, which is encapsulated by the permselective membrane.

The encapsulated cell devices are implanted according to known techniques. Many implantation sites are contemplated for the devices and methods of this invention. These implantation sites include, but are not limited to, the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,106,627, 5,156,844, and 5,554,148, incorporated by reference), and the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eye (see, WO 97/34586, incorporated by reference).

Recombinant Production and Purification of Cometin Polypeptides of the Invention

The Cometin polypeptides of the invention may be produced using state of the art prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems. A eukaryotic expression system is described in Example 2 resulting in a substantially purified Cometin polypeptide.

Further exemplary methods are described in WO 93/22437 (Innogenetics), which is hereby incorporated by reference. The protocols described in WO 93/22437 describe purification of a protein having a predicted molecular weight of 29 kDa. In the case of expression of Cometin fragments, which may be considerably shorter, the protocols should be modified to take the difference in molecular weight into consideration.

Other state of the art protein purification protocols may also be used to provide enough pure protein to perform the in vitro and in vivo assays described in the examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Example 1, Cometin Sequences

Sequence listing numbers. SEQ ID NO 1: Human Cometin cDNA SEQ ID NO 2: Human Cometin protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 3: Mouse Cometin cDNA SEQ ID NO 4: Mouse Cometin protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 5: Rat Cometin cDNA SEQ ID NO 6: Rat Cometin protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 7: Human mature Cometin protein SEQ ID NO 8: Mouse mature Cometin protein SEQ ID NO 9: Rat mature Cometin protein SEQ ID NO 10: Human Cometin core fragment SEQ ID NO 11: Mouse Cometin core fragment SEQ ID NO 12: Rat Cometin core fragment SEQ ID NO 13: hCometin open reading frame SEQ ID NO 14: mCometin open reading frame SEQ ID NO 15: rCometin open reading frame SEQ ID NO 16: Human CDS mature Cometin SEQ ID NO 17: Mouse CDS mature Cometin SEQ ID NO 18: Rat CDS mature Cometin SEQ ID NO 19: Bovine Cometin protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 20: Chicken Cometin protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 21: Frog Cometin protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 22: Zebrafish Cometin protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 23: Human METRN protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 24: Mouse METRN protein (incl. signal peptide) SEQ ID NO 25: Rat METRN protein (incl. signal peptide)

SEQ ID NO 1: Human Cometin cDNA (NM_001004431.1)    1 gcggggggcg cgcgacgtga ccacccggac tcgaagcccg ccccgccccc   51 gcccggctcg ccggctccgg ggtctgctcc gggggtcgcg gacgcggggc  101 cgggcggcgg agccggcgcc agagcatgcg gggcgcggcg cgggcggcct  151 gggggcgcgc ggggcagccg tggccgcgac cccccgcccc gggcccgccc  201 ccgccgccgc tcccgctgct gctcctgctc ctggccgggc tgctgggcgg  251 cgcgggcgcg cagtactcca gcgaccggtg cagctggaag gggagcgggc  301 tgacgcacga ggcacacagg aaggaggtgg agcaggtgta tctgcgctgt  351 gcggcgggtg ccgtggagtg gatgtaccca acaggtgctc tcatcgttaa  401 cctgcggccc aacaccttct cgcctgcccg gcacctgacc gtgtgcatca  451 ggtccttcac ggactcctcg ggggccaata tttatttgga aaaaactgga  501 gaactgagac tgctggtacc ggacggggac ggcaggcccg gccgggtgca  551 gtgttttggc ctggagcagg gcggcctgtt cgtggaggcc acgccgcagc  601 aggatatcgg ccggaggacc acaggcttcc agtacgagct ggttaggagg  651 cacagggcgt cggacctgca cgagctgtct gcgccgtgcc gtccctgcag  701 tgacaccgag gtgctcctag ccgtctgcac cagcgacttc gccgttcgag  751 gctccatcca gcaagttacc cacgagcctg agcggcagga ctcagccatc  801 cacctgcgcg tgagcagact ctatcggcag aaaagcaggg tcttcgagcc  851 ggtgcccgag ggtgacggcc actggcaggg gcgcgtcagg acgctgctgg  901 agtgtggcgt gcggccgggg catggcgact tcctcttcac tggccacatg  951 cacttcgggg aggcgcggct cggctgtgcc ccacgcttca aggacttcca 1001 gaggatgtac agggatgccc aggagagggg gctgaaccct tgtgaggttg 1051 gcacggactg actccgtggg ccgctgccct tcctctcctg atgagtcaca 1101 ggctgcggtg ggcgctgcgg tcctggtggg gccgtgcggt gagggccgcg 1151 cgctgggagc cgcatgccct gggcccaggc ctgaccctgg taccgaagct 1201 gtggacgttc tcgccacact caaccccatg agcttccagc caaggatgcc 1251 ctggccgatt ggaaatgctg taaaatgcaa actaagttat tatatttttt 1301 tttggtaaaa aagaaatgtc cataggaaac aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa ORF in bold SEQ ID NO 2: Human Cometin protein (NP_001004431.1)    1 mrgaaraawg ragqpwprpp apgppppplp llllllagll ggagaqyssd   51 rcswkgsglt heahrkeveq vylrcaagav ewmyptgali vnlrpntfsp  101 arhltvcirs ftdssganiy lektgelrll vpdgdgrpgr vqcfgleqgg  151 lfveatpqqd igrrttgfqy elvrrhrasd lhelsapcrp csdtevllav  201 ctsdfavrgs iqqvtheper qdsaihlrvs rlyrqksrvf epvpegdghw  251 qgrvrtllec gvrpghgdfl ftghmhfgea rlgcaprfkd fqrmyrdaqe  301 rglnpcevgt d SEQ ID NO 3: Mouse Cometin cDNA (NM_144797.3)    1 agaggttcta ggggcagccg gcgcgcttct ctagttgcag cttgggcggc   51 tcctgtggtg ggcggctagg ggcgagccgg gatgggctat agacgcgcga  101 cgtgatcagt tcgcacgcgg acccacgcct cccatcgctc tgcctcaaga  151 gcctattctg tgggtgcagg cacgcaccgg acgcagaccc ggccggagca  201 tgcggggtgc ggtgtgggcg gcccggaggc gcgcggggca gcagtggcct  251 cggtccccgg gccctgggcc gggtccgccc ccgccgccac cgctgctgtt  301 gctgctacta ctgctgctgg gcggcgcgag cgctcagtac tccagcgacc  351 tgtgcagctg gaaggggagt gggctcaccc gagaggcacg cagcaaggag  401 gtggagcagg tgtacctgcg ctgctccgca ggctctgtgg agtggatgta  451 cccaactggg gcgctcattg ttaacctacg gcccaacacc ttctcacctg  501 cccagaactt gactgtgtgc atcaagcctt tcagggactc ctctggagcc  551 aatatttatt tggaaaaaac tggagaacta agactgttgg tgcgggacat  601 cagaggtgag cctggccaag tgcagtgctt cagcctggag cagggaggct  651 tatttgtgga ggcgacaccc caacaggaca tcagcagaag gaccacaggc  701 ttccagtatg agctgatgag tgggcagagg ggactggacc tgcacgtgct  751 gtctgccccc tgtcggcctt gcagtgacac tgaggtcctc cttgccatct  801 gtaccagtga ctttgttgtc cgaggcttca ttgaggacgt cacacatgta  851 ccagaacagc aagtgtcagt catctacctg cgggtgaaca ggcttcacag  901 gcagaagagc agggtcttcc agccagctcc tgaggacagt ggccactggc  951 tgggccatgt cacaacactg ctgcagtgtg gagtacgacc agggcatggg 1001 gaattcctct tcactggaca tgtgcacttt ggggaggcac aacttggatg 1051 tgccccacgc tttagtgact ttcaaaggat gtacaggaaa gcagaagaaa 1101 tgggcataaa cccctgtgaa atcaatatgg agtgacttgc agggtgacac 1151 agtactgttg tccttcagat gagccatgtt ttgtgggctc agtcgctcta 1201 tcatatcctg atagagattg cagactggtg gcatgggccc agcctggtgc 1251 tagaactggg aaggtacatg ctgctctgac cccttaggtc ccagccaagg 1301 atgccctgac ccattggaac tgctgtaaaa tgcaaactaa gttattatat 1351 tttttttgta aaagatgcct tggtgtgcca tttaatagtg tttttacaaa 1401 gttattttca ggcattggat ttggcctggt atattggtgg gagctaggtt 1451 atggtgtgca gtgatggcta tggctcagcc ttgttattcc tgtgatggaa 1501 atgtatggag caaatacttt ctaatttccc cttcatttta ttttctattt 1551 taaaagacca tctttgccgt tgagaacctt tccagactgt atggaggctg 1601 ctcccattcc agggagtaaa gaccaggatc tgagactagt attacatcca 1651 tcttaaccca tcagatgggt acctgcattg aaccttctct gctcagctat 1701 ggcctgctgt cccaaagacc ttttgctctc tggacagttc cagatggtgc 1751 tgcctggctt aagggacttg ttcctccctt gctcctacca ggccactgtt 1801 gctttctgca tctgtcccac tgaaccagtc ttgtcctttg accctgagtt 1851 tccccaaatg cacacatcaa atccctgaat accaagggac taacctactt 1901 aatggcccat ttcttcagag ggtgtgggtt ttccctatag taagaaaatc 1951 tccacaagtt gaagcttaaa cagtaggctt tcgttcatac agtcctggaa 2001 gccagaatgg gtgtgagcag aatcacattt cctccggaga ctccaggagg 2051 gactttatag cttctggtga ctccaggaat ccttggcttg taacaatttc 2101 actctggcat tgctttccct gccatgtgac ttctgccttg tatgtgaggg 2151 cctgtatcaa atctctgtct tgggaggata cagatcattg acttagggcc 2201 cactccggtg acctcacctt cacctgaaat ttactcgatt tccatttagg 2251 tcagaggcaa aggctacaaa aaatatcaaa tccggagaaa gattcaatgg 2301 ttaggcactt gctactctta caaaggacct gtgttcgatt cccatgttgg 2351 gaactcatgt taggtggctt aaaattgcct ataactacaa ttccagggga 2401 tctagcaacc tcttctcgcc acacacaagc acacacacac acacacacac 2451 acacacacaa ttaaaaac ORF in bold SEQ ID NO 4: Mouse Cometin protein (NP_659046.1)    1 mrgavwaarr ragqqwprsp gpgpgppppp plllllllll ggasaqyssd   51 lcswkgsglt rearskeveq vylrcsagsv ewmyptgali vnlrpntfsp  101 aqnltvcikp frdssganiy lektgelrll vrdirgepgq vqcfsleqgg  151 lfveatpqqd isrrttgfqy elmsgqrgld lhvlsapcrp csdtevllai  201 ctsdfvvrgf iedvthvpeq qvsviylrvn rlhrqksrvf qpapedsghw  251 lghvttllqc gvrpghgefl ftghvhfgea qlgcaprfsd fqrmyrkaee  301 mginpceinm e SEQ ID NO 5: Rat Cometin cDNA (NM_001014104.1)    1 ggcagccggc gcgcttctct ggttgcagct tgggcggctg gggcggctcc   51 tatggtgggc ggccaggggc tagacgggat ggcctgtaga cgcgcgacgt  101 gatcagctcg cacgcggacc cacgcctccc gcagcactgc ctcaacagtc  151 tattctgtgg gtgcaggcac gcaccggtct cagaccctgc cggagcatgc  201 ggggtgtggt gtgggcggcc cggaggcgcg cggggcagca gtggcctcgg  251 tccccgggcc ctgggccggg tccgcccccg ccgccaccgc tgctgttgct  301 gctactgctg ctgctgggcg gcgcgagcgc gcagtactcc agcgacctgt  351 gcagctggaa ggggagtggg ctcacccggg aggcacacag caaggaggtg  401 gagcaggtgt acctgcgctg ctcagcaggc tctgtggaat ggatgtaccc  451 aaccggggcg ctcattgtta acctacggcc caacaccttc tcacctgccc  501 agaacttgac tgtgtgcatc aagcctttca gggactcctc tggggccaat  551 atttatttgg aaaaaactgg agaactaaga ctgttggtgc gggatgtcag  601 aggcgaacct ggccaagtgc agtgcttcag cctagagcag ggaggcttat  651 ttgtggaggc cacaccccag caggacatca gcagaaggac cacaggcttc  701 cagtatgagc tgatgagtgg gcagagggga ctggacctgc acgtgctctc  751 tgccccctgt cgaccttgca gcgacactga ggtcctcctt gccatctgca  801 ccagtgactt tgttgtccga ggcttcatcg aggatgtcac ccatgtacca  851 gaacagcaag tgtcagtcat tcacctacgg gtgagcaggc tccacaggca  901 gaagagcagg gtcttccagc cagctcctga ggacagtggc cactggctgg  951 gccatgtcac aacactgttg cagtgtggag tacgaccagg gcatggagaa 1001 ttcctcttca ctggacatgt gcactttggg gaggcacaac ttggatgtgc 1051 cccacgcttt agtgactttc aaaagatgta caggaaagca gaagaaaggg 1101 gcataaaccc ttgtgaaata aatatggagt gacttgcagg gtgacaccgt 1151 actgctgtcc ttcagatgag ccatggctca gttgctctat caaatcccga 1201 tagagattgc agactggtgg catgagcccc gcctggtgct tgaactggga 1251 agggaggtac atgctgctct gaccccttag gtcccattca aggatgccct 1301 gacccattgg aaatgttgta aaatgcaaac taagttatta tatttttttt 1351 gtaaaagaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa ORF in bold SEQ ID NO 6: Rat Cometin protein (NP_001014126)    1 mrgvvwaarr ragqqwprsp gpgpgppppp plllllllll ggasaqyssd   51 lcswkgsglt reahskeveq vylrcsagsv ewmyptgali vnlrpntfsp  101 aqnltvcikp frdssganiy lektgelrll vrdvrgepgq vqcfsleqgg  151 lfveatpqqd isrrttgfqy elmsgqrgld lhvlsapcrp csdtevllai  201 ctsdfvvrgf iedvthvpeq qvsvihlrvs rlhrqksrvf qpapedsghw  251 lghvttllqc gvrpghgefl ftghvhfgea qlgcaprfsd fqkmyrkaee  301 rginpceinm e SEQ ID NO 7: human mature Cometin protein QYSSDRCSWK GSGLTHEAHR KEVEQVYLRC AAGAVEWMYP TGALIVNLRP NTFSPARHLT 60 VCIRSFTDSS GANIYLEKTG ELRLLVPDGD GRPGRVQCFG LEQGGLFVEA TPQQDIGRRT 120 TGFQYELVRR HRASDLHELS APCRPCSDTE VLLAVCTSDF AVRGSIQQVT HEPERQDSAI 180 HLRVSRLYRQ KSRVFEPVPE GDGHWQGRVR TLLECGVRPG HGDFLFTGHM HFGEARLGCA 240 PRFKDFQRMY RDAQERGLNP CEVGTD 266 SEQ ID NO 8: mouse mature Cometin protein QYSSDLCSWK GSGLTREARS KEVEQVYLRC SAGSVEWMYP TGALIVNLRP NTFSPAQNLT 60 VCIKPFRDSS GANIYLEKTG ELRLLVRDIR GEPGQVQCFS LEQGGLFVEA TPQQDISRRT 120 TGFQYELMSG QRGLDLHVLS APCRPCSDTE VLLAICTSDF VVRGFIEDVT HVPEQQVSVI 180 YLRVNRLHRQ KSRVFQPAPE DSGHWLGHVT TLLQCGVRPG HGEFLFTGHV HFGEAQLGCA 240 PRFSDFQRMY RKAEEMGINP CEINME 266 SEQ ID NO 9: rat mature Cometin protein QYSSDLCSWK GSGLTREAHS KEVEQVYLRC SAGSVEWMYP TGALIVNLRP NTFSPAQNLT 60 VCIKPFRDSS GANIYLEKTG ELRLLVRDVR GEPGQVQCFS LEQGGLFVEA TPQQDISRRT 120 TGFQYELMSG QRGLDLHVLS APCRPCSDTE VLLAICTSDF VVRGFIEDVT HVPEQQVSVI 180 HLRVSRLHRQ KSRVFQPAPE DSGHWLGHVT TLLQCGVRPG HGEFLFTGHV HFGEAQLGCA 240 PRFSDFQKMY RKAEERGINP CEINME 266 SEQ ID NO 10: human Cometin core fragment CSWKGSGLTH EAHRKEVEQV YLRCAAGAVE WMYPTGALIV NLRPNTFSPA RHLTVCIRSF 60 TDSSGANIYL EKTGELRLLV PDGDGRPGRV QCFGLEQGGL FVEATPQQDI GRRTTGFQYE 120 LVRRHRASDL HELSAPCRPC SDTEVLLAVC TSDFAVRGSI QQVTHEPERQ DSAIHLRVSR 180 LYRQKSRVFE PVPEGDGHWQ GRVRTLLECG VRPGHGDFLF TGHMHFGEAR LGCAPRFKDF 240 QRMYRDAQER GLNPC 255 SEQ ID NO 11: mouse Cometin core fragment CSWKGSGLTR EARSKEVEQV YLRCSAGSVE WMYPTGALIV NLRPNTFSPA QNLTVCIKPF 60 RDSSGANIYL EKTGELRLLV RDIRGEPGQV QCFSLEQGGL FVEATPQQDI SRRTTGFQYE 120 LMSGQRGLDL HVLSAPCRPC SDTEVLLAIC TSDFVVRGFI EDVTHVPEQQ VSVIYLRVNR 180 LHRQKSRVFQ PAPEDSGHWL GHVTTLLQCG VRPGHGEFLF TGHVHFGEAQ LGCAPRFSDF 240 QRMYRKAEEM GINPC 255 SEQ ID NO 12: rat Cometin core fragment CSWKGSGLTR EAHSKEVEQV YLRCSAGSVE WMYPTGALIV NLRPNTFSPA QNLTVCIKPF 60 RDSSGANIYL EKTGELRLLV RDVRGEPGQV QCFSLEQGGL FVEATPQQDI SRRTTGFQYE 120 LMSGQRGLDL HVLSAPCRPC SDTEVLLAIC TSDFVVRGFI EDVTHVPEQQ VSVIHLRVSR 180 LHRQKSRVFQ PAPEDSGHWL GHVTTLLQCG VRPGHGEFLF TGHVHFGEAQ LGCAPRFSDF 240 QKMYRKAEER GINPC 255 SEQ ID NO 13, human Cometin ORF atgcggggcg cggcgcgggc ggcctggggg cgcgcggggc agccgtggcc gcgacccccc 60 gccccgggcc cgcccccgcc gccgctcccg ctgctgctcc tgctcctggc cgggctgctg 120 ggcggcgcgg gcgcgcagta ctccagcgac cggtgcagct ggaaggggag cgggctgacg 180 cacgaggcac acaggaagga ggtggagcag gtgtatctgc gctgtgcggc gggtgccgtg 240 gagtggatgt acccaacagg tgctctcatc gttaacctgc ggcccaacac cttctcgcct 300 gcccggcacc tgaccgtgtg catcaggtcc ttcacggact cctcgggggc caatatttat 360 ttggaaaaaa ctggagaact gagactgctg gtaccggacg gggacggcag gcccggccgg 420 gtgcagtgtt ttggcctgga gcagggcggc ctgttcgtgg aggccacgcc gcagcaggat 480 atcggccgga ggaccacagg cttccagtac gagctggtta ggaggcacag ggcgtcggac 540 ctgcacgagc tgtctgcgcc gtgccgtccc tgcagtgaca ccgaggtgct cctagccgtc 600 tgcaccagcg acttcgccgt tcgaggctcc atccagcaag ttacccacga gcctgagcgg 660 caggactcag ccatccacct gcgcgtgagc agactctatc ggcagaaaag cagggtcttc 720 gagccggtgc ccgagggtga cggccactgg caggggcgcg tcaggacgct gctggagtgt 780 ggcgtgcggc cggggcatgg cgacttcctc ttcactggcc acatgcactt cggggaggcg 840 cggctcggct gtgccccacg cttcaaggac ttccagagga tgtacaggga tgcccaggag 900 agggggctga acccttgtga ggttggcacg gactga 936 SEQ ID No 14, mouse Cometin ORF atgcggggtg cggtgtgggc ggcccggagg cgcgcggggc agcagtggcc tcggtccccg 60 ggccctgggc cgggtccgcc cccgccgcca ccgctgctgt tgctgctact actgctgctg 120 ggcggcgcga gcgctcagta ctccagcgac ctgtgcagct ggaaggggag tgggctcacc 180 cgagaggcac gcagcaagga ggtggagcag gtgtacctgc gctgctccgc aggctctgtg 240 gagtggatgt acccaactgg ggcgctcatt gttaacctac ggcccaacac cttctcacct 300 gcccagaact tgactgtgtg catcaagcct ttcagggact cctctggagc caatatttat 360 ttggaaaaaa ctggagaact aagactgttg gtgcgggaca tcagaggtga gcctggccaa 420 gtgcagtgct tcagcctgga gcagggaggc ttatttgtgg aggcgacacc ccaacaggac 480 atcagcagaa ggaccacagg cttccagtat gagctgatga gtgggcagag gggactggac 540 ctgcacgtgc tgtctgcccc ctgtcggcct tgcagtgaca ctgaggtcct ccttgccatc 600 tgtaccagtg actttgttgt ccgaggcttc attgaggacg tcacacatgt accagaacag 660 caagtgtcag tcatctacct gcgggtgaac aggcttcaca ggcagaagag cagggtcttc 720 cagccagctc ctgaggacag tggccactgg ctgggccatg tcacaacact gctgcagtgt 780 ggagtacgac cagggcatgg ggaattcctc ttcactggac atgtgcactt tggggaggca 840 caacttggat gtgccccacg ctttagtgac tttcaaagga tgtacaggaa agcagaagaa 900 atgggcataa acccctgtga aatcaatatg gagtga 936 SEQ ID NO 15, rat Cometin ORF atgcggggtg tggtgtgggc ggcccggagg cgcgcggggc agcagtggcc tcggtccccg 60 ggccctgggc cgggtccgcc cccgccgcca ccgctgctgt tgctgctact gctgctgctg 120 ggcggcgcga gcgcgcagta ctccagcgac ctgtgcagct ggaaggggag tgggctcacc 180 cgggaggcac acagcaagga ggtggagcag gtgtacctgc gctgctcagc aggctctgtg 240 gaatggatgt acccaaccgg ggcgctcatt gttaacctac ggcccaacac cttctcacct 300 gcccagaact tgactgtgtg catcaagcct ttcagggact cctctggggc caatatttat 360 ttggaaaaaa ctggagaact aagactgttg gtgcgggatg tcagaggcga acctggccaa 420 gtgcagtgct tcagcctaga gcagggaggc ttatttgtgg aggccacacc ccagcaggac 480 atcagcagaa ggaccacagg cttccagtat gagctgatga gtgggcagag gggactggac 540 ctgcacgtgc tctctgcccc ctgtcgacct tgcagcgaca ctgaggtcct ccttgccatc 600 tgcaccagtg actttgttgt ccgaggcttc atcgaggatg tcacccatgt accagaacag 660 caagtgtcag tcattcacct acgggtgagc aggctccaca ggcagaagag cagggtcttc 720 cagccagctc ctgaggacag tggccactgg ctgggccatg tcacaacact gttgcagtgt 780 ggagtacgac cagggcatgg agaattcctc ttcactggac atgtgcactt tggggaggca 840 caacttggat gtgccccacg ctttagtgac tttcaaaaga tgtacaggaa agcagaagaa 900 aggggcataa acccttgtga aataaatatg gagtga 936 SEQ ID NO 16, Human CDS mature Cometin cagtactcca gcgaccggtg cagctggaag gggagcgggc tgacgcacga ggcacacagg 60 aaggaggtgg agcaggtgta tctgcgctgt gcggcgggtg ccgtggagtg gatgtaccca 120 acaggtgctc tcatcgttaa cctgcggccc aacaccttct cgcctgcccg gcacctgacc 180 gtgtgcatca ggtccttcac ggactcctcg ggggccaata tttatttgga aaaaactgga 240 gaactgagac tgctggtacc ggacggggac ggcaggcccg gccgggtgca gtgttttggc 300 ctggagcagg gcggcctgtt cgtggaggcc acgccgcagc aggatatcgg ccggaggacc 360 acaggcttcc agtacgagct ggttaggagg cacagggcgt cggacctgca cgagctgtct 420 gcgccgtgcc gtccctgcag tgacaccgag gtgctcctag ccgtctgcac cagcgacttc 480 gccgttcgag gctccatcca gcaagttacc cacgagcctg agcggcagga ctcagccatc 540 cacctgcgcg tgagcagact ctatcggcag aaaagcaggg tcttcgagcc ggtgcccgag 600 ggtgacggcc actggcaggg gcgcgtcagg acgctgctgg agtgtggcgt gcggccgggg 660 catggcgact tcctcttcac tggccacatg cacttcgggg aggcgcggct cggctgtgcc 720 ccacgcttca aggacttcca gaggatgtac agggatgccc aggagagggg gctgaaccct 780 tgtgaggttg gcacggactg a 801 SEQ ID NO 17, Mouse CDS mature Cometin cagtactcca gcgacctgtg cagctggaag gggagtgggc tcacccgaga ggcacgcagc 60 aaggaggtgg agcaggtgta cctgcgctgc tccgcaggct ctgtggagtg gatgtaccca 120 actggggcgc tcattgttaa cctacggccc aacaccttct cacctgccca gaacttgact 180 gtgtgcatca agcctttcag ggactcctct ggagccaata tttatttgga aaaaactgga 240 gaactaagac tgttggtgcg ggacatcaga ggtgagcctg gccaagtgca gtgcttcagc 300 ctggagcagg gaggcttatt tgtggaggcg acaccccaac aggacatcag cagaaggacc 360 acaggcttcc agtatgagct gatgagtggg cagaggggac tggacctgca cgtgctgtct 420 gccccctgtc ggccttgcag tgacactgag gtcctccttg ccatctgtac cagtgacttt 480 gttgtccgag gcttcattga ggacgtcaca catgtaccag aacagcaagt gtcagtcatc 540 tacctgcggg tgaacaggct tcacaggcag aagagcaggg tcttccagcc agctcctgag 600 gacagtggcc actggctggg ccatgtcaca acactgctgc agtgtggagt acgaccaggg 660 catggggaat tcctcttcac tggacatgtg cactttgggg aggcacaact tggatgtgcc 720 ccacgcttta gtgactttca aaggatgtac aggaaagcag aagaaatggg cataaacccc 780 tgtgaaatca atatggagtg a 801 SEQ ID NO 18, Rat CDS mature Cometin cagtactcca gcgacctgtg cagctggaag gggagtgggc tcacccggga ggcacacagc 60 aaggaggtgg agcaggtgta cctgcgctgc tcagcaggct ctgtggaatg gatgtaccca 120 accggggcgc tcattgttaa cctacggccc aacaccttct cacctgccca gaacttgact 180 gtgtgcatca agcctttcag ggactcctct ggggccaata tttatttgga aaaaactgga 240 gaactaagac tgttggtgcg ggatgtcaga ggcgaacctg gccaagtgca gtgcttcagc 300 ctagagcagg gaggcttatt tgtggaggcc acaccccagc aggacatcag cagaaggacc 360 acaggcttcc agtatgagct gatgagtggg cagaggggac tggacctgca cgtgctctct 420 gccccctgtc gaccttgcag cgacactgag gtcctccttg ccatctgcac cagtgacttt 480 gttgtccgag gcttcatcga ggatgtcacc catgtaccag aacagcaagt gtcagtcatt 540 cacctacggg tgagcaggct ccacaggcag aagagcaggg tcttccagcc agctcctgag 600 gacagtggcc actggctggg ccatgtcaca acactgttgc agtgtggagt acgaccaggg 660 catggagaat tcctcttcac tggacatgtg cactttgggg aggcacaact tggatgtgcc 720 ccacgcttta gtgactttca aaagatgtac aggaaagcag aagaaagggg cataaaccct 780 tgtgaaataa atatggagtg a 801

Example 2

Production of Recombinant Cometin.

Mouse Cometin (mCometin, Accession # NP_(—)659046) (aa46-311 with a signal peptide from hCD33) was cloned into a mammalian expression vector. The vector was transfected into the CHO, Chinese Hamster Ovary, cell line by electroporation. Stable clones were isolated and screened for expression of mCometin by Western blotting using a custom made monoclonal antibody. Conditioned medium from cultures containing mCometin was supplemented with 20 mM MOPS, the pH was adjusted to 6.5, and filtered through a 0.2 um filter. The sample was applied to an anion exchange chromatography resin, equilibrated in 20 mM MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid), 0.1 M NaCl, pH 6.5. The fractions containing mCometin were supplemented with 2 M NaCl, the pH was adjusted to 7.0, and then applied to a phenyl sepharose resin. Bound proteins were eluted with a decreasing gradient of NaCl. Fractions enriched in mCometin were pooled and dialyzed in 20 mM Tris, pH 7.8. This sample was applied to an anion exchange chromatography resin equilibrated in the same buffer. Bound proteins were eluted with an increasing gradient of NaCl. Fractions containing mCometin were pooled, concentrated and loaded onto a Superdex gel filtration column and then equilibrated in PBS. mCometin eluted as an approximately 30 kDa molecular weight protein. Fractions of interest were pooled, concentrated, dialyzed against PBS and stored at −80° C.

Example 3 Animal Experiments

Surqury.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan, The Netherlands) weighing 380-450 g were fitted with a chronic intrathecal catheter with the tip at the lumbar enlargement (Storkson et al., 1996). Three to five days after cathether implantation, ischemic sciatic nerve injury was produced using a photochemical method (Kupers et al., 1998). Briefly, under general anesthesia (chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg), the left sciatic nerve was exposed at mid-thigh level and irradiated for 1.5 min with an argon laser operating at 514 nm at an average power of 0.17 W. Erythrosin B (32.5 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline) was injected intravenously through the tail vein just prior to irradiation. This operation leads to a highly reproducible allodynia, which may be characterised as hypersensitivity, within 7 days.

Evaluation of Allodynia.

For evaluation of mechanical allodynia, a set of calibrated nylon monofilaments (von Frey hairs, Stoelting, Ill.) was applied to the glabrous skin of the paws with increasing force until the animal withdraws the limb. Each monofilament was applied 5 times and withdrawal threshold was determined as the force at which the animal withdraws the paw from at least 3 out of 5 consecutive stimuli. The response to cold was tested with ethyl chloride, which was briefly (<1 s) sprayed on the plantar surface of the hind paw. The response was scored as the following: 0=no response, 1=startle-like response, no hindpaw withdrawal (normal), 2=brief withdrawal of the stimulated hindpaw (mild pain), 3=sustained or repeated withdrawal of the stimulated hindpaw, brief licking or shaking (severe pain). All tests were performed by an experimenter who was blind with respect to the experimental conditions. After every testing session, the body weight of the animals was measured to the nearest gram.

Experimental Setup.

Baseline responses were evaluated after catheter implantation and again before sciatic nerve irradiation. Rats that developed allodynia to mechanical and cold stimulation 7 days after nerve injury were randomly divided into two groups (N=8) which were given vehicle or 6 μg recombinant Cometin at a volume of 10 μl intrathecally. Each rat received six injections over a two week period (on day 7, 9, 11, 14, 16 and 18 counting from the time of nerve injury). Behavioral testing was conducted prior to intrathecal injection on respective treatment days and furthermore on days 21, 25, 28 and 35 following treatment cessation.

Results

As seen in FIG. 4, the baseline paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation was 51.5±5.7 g. 7 days after photochemically induced sciatic nerve injury, rats developed significant mechanical allodynia evident as a reduced paw withdrawal threshold of approximately 8 g. Rats were then randomly divided into two groups subsequently receiving either vehicle or Cometin as six intrathecal injections in the space of two weeks. It is clear that intrathecal injection of Cometin significantly reduced mechanical allodynia (FIG. 4). The mechanical allodynia was gradually reestablished within a week after treatment cessation. Intrathecal injection of vehicle did not affect the mechanical allodynia throughout the experiment.

As seen in FIG. 5, the baseline cold response is 1 corresponding to a normal startle-like response. 7 days after photochemically induced sciatic nerve injury, rats developed a marked cold allodynia evident as a mild pain reaction. Treatment with Cometin quickly reversed the cold allodynia and animals had a near normal response to cold in the treatment period. A significantly positive effect of Cometin was also observed three days after treatment cessation. However, cold allodynia was fully reestablished a week after the treatment ended. Vehicle had no effect on cold allodynia.

No reduction in body weight (FIG. 6) or other adverse effects was observed in the study.

CONCLUSION

Repeated intrathecal injection of Cometin significantly reduces mechanical and cold allodynia in rats after sciatic nerve injury. No immediate adverse effects of the treatment were observed.

REFERENCES

-   Kupers, R., Yu, W., Persson, J. K., Xu, X. J., and     Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. (1998). Photochemically-induced ischemia of     the rat sciatic nerve produces a dose-dependent and highly     reproducible mechanical, heat and cold allodynia, and signs of     spontaneous pain. Pain 76, 45-59. -   Storkson, R. V., Kjorsvik, A., Tjolsen, A., and Hole, K. (1996).     Lumbar catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space in the     rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 65, 167-172. 

1-44. (canceled)
 45. A method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain or phantom pain in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a neurotrophic polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:7.
 46. The method according to claim 45, wherein said subject is diagnosed with painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpatic neuralgia or sciatica.
 47. The method according to claim 45, wherein said treatment is for allodynia.
 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein said allodynia is thermal allodynia.
 49. The method according to claim 47, wherein said allodynia is cold allodynia.
 50. The method according to claim 47, wherein said allodynia is mechanical allodynia.
 51. The method according to claim 45, wherein said treatment is for spontaneous pain.
 52. The method according to claim 45, wherein said treatment is for hyperalgesia.
 53. The method according to claim 52, wherein said hyperalgesia is thermal hyperalgesia.
 54. The method according to claim 52, wherein said hyperalgesia is cold hyperalgesia.
 55. The method according to claim 52, wherein said hyperalgesia is mechanical hyperalgesia.
 56. The method according to claim 45, wherein the subject to be treated does not experience weight loss.
 57. (canceled)
 58. The method according to claim 45, wherein the polypeptide is administered systemically.
 59. The method according to claim 45, wherein the polypeptide is administered by subcutaneous injection or intrathecal administration.
 60. The method according to claim 45, wherein the treatment is administered in dosages of 1 μg/kg-10,000 μg/kg.
 61. The method according to claim 45, wherein said administration is repeated daily.
 62. The method according to claim 45, wherein said administration is repeated at least 1-3 times weekly.
 63. The method of claim 45, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:7
 64. The method of claim 45, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7.
 65. A method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain or phantom pain in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a nucleic acid encoding a neurotrophic polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:7.
 66. A method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain or phantom pain in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding a neurotrophic polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:7.
 67. A method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain or phantom pain in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a cell transfected or transduced with an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding a neurotrophic polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:7.
 68. A method of treatment of allodynia, hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain or phantom pain in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of an implantable biocompatible capsule a biocompatible outer membrane and an inner core, said inner core comprising a cell transfected or transduced with an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding a neurotrophic polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:7. 